We have surveyed the identifying properties of the notional parts of speech that unite the words of complete nominative meaning characterised by self-dependent functions in the sentence.Ĭontrasted against the notional parts of speech are words of incomplete nominative meaning and non-self-dependent, mediatory functions in the sentence. the property of process or another property 2) the forms of the degrees of comparison for qualitative adverbs the specific suffixal forms of derivation 3) the functions of various adverbial modifiers.
The features of the adverb: 1) the categorial meaning of the secondary property, i.e.
8 character words list series#
The features of the verb: 1) the categorial meaning of process (presented in the two upper series of forms, respectively, as finite process and non-finite process) 2) the forms of the verbal categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood the opposition of the finite and non-finite forms 3) the function of the finite predicate for the finite verb the mixed verbal - other than verbal functions for the non-finite verb. The features of the pronoun: 1) the categorial meaning of indication (deixis) 2) the narrow sets of various status with the corresponding formal properties of categorial changeability and word-building 3) the substantival and adjectival functions for different sets. The features of the numeral: 1) the categorial meaning of number (cardinal and ordinal) 2) the narrow set of simple numerals the specific forms of composition for compound numerals the specific suffixal forms of derivation for ordinal numerals 3) the functions of numerical attribute and numerical substantive. The features of the adjective: 1) the categorial meaning of property (qualitative and relative) 2) the forms of theĭegrees of comparison (for qualitative adjectives) the specific suffixal forms of derivation 3) adjectival functions in the sentence (attribute to a noun, adjectival predicative). The features of the noun within the identificational triad "meaning - form - function" are, correspondingly, the following: 1) the categorial meaning of substance ("thingness") 2) the changeable forms of number and case the specific suffixal forms of derivation (prefixes in English do not discriminate parts of speech as such) 3) the substantive functions in the sentence (subject, object, substantival predicative) prepositional connections modification by an adjective. To the notional parts of speech of the English language belong the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb. In accord with the described criteria, words on the upper level of classification are divided into notional and functional, which reflects their division in the earlier grammatical tradition into changeable and unchangeable. The said three factors of categorial characterisation of words are conventionally referred to as, respectively, "meaning", "form", and "function". The functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of words in the sentence typical of a part of speech. The formal criterion provides for the exposition of the specific inflexional and derivational (word-building) features of all the lexemic subsets of a part of speech. This meaning is understood as the "categorial meaning of the part of speech". The semantic criterion presupposes the evaluation of the generalised meaning, which is characteristic of all the subsets of words constituting a given part of speech.
In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria: "semantic", "formal", and "functional". This name was introduced in the grammatical teaching of Ancient Greece, where the concept of the sentence was not yet explicitly identified in distinction to the general idea of speech, and where, consequently, no strict differentiation was drawn between the word as a vocabulary unit and the word as a functional element of the sentence.
It should be noted that the term "part of speech" is purely traditional and conventional, it can't be taken as in any way defining or explanatory. Since the word is distinguished not only by grammatical, but also by semantico-lexemic properties, some scholars refer to parts of speechĪs "lexico-grammatical" series of words, or as "lexico-grammatical categories". The traditional grammatical classes of words are called "parts of speech". § 1.The words of language, depending on various formal and semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets or classes.
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